The consistency and protection of Khorasan state's social life was fully dependent on the fortresses due to some elements such as boundary position and Afgan, Tatar, Torkaman group's plunder. In addition to the establishment of military stability of the government, such a fortresses were a place to conduct commercial _agricultural activities and also to store foodstuffs and military procurement. Regarding the importance of the topic, the present research answer the question that what was the role of Khorasan fortresses in social life during Afsharie? In order to answer this question we test the hypothesis that the important functions of castles such as protection of people's lives and property, establishing political stability caused the different claimants of throne made particular endeavors to strengthen and to provide procurement in domestic castles and surrounding satellite ones as their government's center of gravity. Using historical method and collecting library data from first _hand resources, this research described and classified military and political transformations related to Khorasan. Finally it analyzed these features and influences on the throne's claimant empowerment.

The ancient monuments in the north of Iran, particularly in Gilan and Tonekabon, have not been able to resist natural destruction over the previous times due to the rainy climate and humidity. Although less than several centuries pass from the creation of historical monuments in Tonekabon, there remain only the names of ancient monuments in the memory of people and in the historical and geographical manuscripts. On the other hand the construction materials used in the historical monuments in the north of Iran, which were mainly wood, stone and mortar, expedited their destruction. Therefore, except for the religious sites which the people tried to repair as soon as they saw any erosion, and except for the Markouh Castle, whose remnants of stony walls have survived, there is no trace of the monuments set up during the ancient era and even during the first centuries of the post-Islam Iranian history in Tonekabon. However, the presence of many hills and dunes is an evidence of the many ancient monuments in this land over the past times. The present article tries to use existing sources in order to cast a glance important fortresses.

Qoheston is a region in the southeastern Khorasan which includes Kashmar, Tabas, Ferdos, Birjand, Qaen, Torbate Haidarie, Khaf and Taibad cities. This region is surrounded by Sabzevar and Nishaboor from north, central desert from west, Sistan and Kerman from south and Naomid plains from east. In addition to the geographical and climatic characteristics of the region the abundance of historical castles characterizes it from the other parts of Iran. This paper aims at study political, social, economic and geographical history of the Qohestan in order to understand the Qohestan culture. Moreover, the functionality of the castles the as well as the position and distribution of the castles also were studied.

One of the most important ideas employed in chemical graph theory is that of so-called topologicalindices. This is to associate a numerical value with a graph structure that often has some kind ofcorrelation with corresponding chemicals properties. In this paper, we consider some infinitefamilies of 3-fence graphs, namely, ladder, circular ladder and Mobius ladder. We compute someof the eccentricity based topological indices of these graphs and their line graphs.

Today, with the advancement of science and technology, managers are faced with a huge amount of information that, intentionally or unintentionally, by refining and selecting a set of information encloses managers in the glass fence of information. This causes employees to be insecure and pessimistic about them. The purpose of this study is monitoring of glass fence of management information on organizational cynicism. This study was an applied one, using the descriptive survey research and causal method. The statistical population of this study is all employees of Bank Mellat branches in Isfahan, numbering 420 people. Using simple random sampling, 208 people were selected and a questionnaire was distributed among them. The validity of the questionnaire was assessed through face validity and construct validity and its reliability using Cronbach's alpha indices and composite reliability. In order to analyze the data and test the research hypotheses, the structural equation method and Smart PLS software were used. According to the findings of this study, the structural and managerial dimensions affect the information glass fence. In addition, the glass fence of managers' information has an effect on organizational cynicism. The research results indicate that the glass fence of information causes the managers of the organization to be unaware of many internal events of the organization, which causes distrust and cynicism of employees in the management actions and can cause irreparable damages for their organization and managers.

In this paper, the procedure for the protection of borders-based security fences improved using laser beams. Laser beams can be used to protect the border of large departments, large agencies, large universities, and large companies that have a large yard with several-kilometre erecting walls based on laser optic. But it has problems. To implement this system, it uses invention protocol transmission data. The cost of implementing this system is very low. The older methods of this system have been implemented in Hakim Sabzevery University.

Movement of sand particles in nature creates many problems for humans. One of these problems is deposition of particles on rails that decreases the speed of the train or in some cases hampers the reversal of the train rails. In this paper, the motion of sand particles over railway track embankment, and how these particles settle on railway tracks are investigated. Moreover, the performance of different fences of different heights and distances has been compared. It can be stated that particles velocity is highest on the embankment slope and up to the fence and lowest around the fence. Most of the particles deposition is on the slopes or near the embankment. Fences with different heights, distances (from the railway’ s longitudinal axis), and porosities are compared. Using the appropriate fence depends on the geographic and environmental factors, but in general the use of a fence with a height of 1 meter positioned at distance of 3 meters from the railway’ s longitudinal axis, and with 20% porosity is recommended.

The Ismā, 'iliyah is one of the most important sects of Shī, ʿ, ite in the early and middle centuries of Islam, and despite the written historical sources indicating their presence in Arrajā, n State in the southwest of Iran, their castles and fortifications in this area, especially in the mountainous area to the north and east of it, has not been investigated and studied archaeologically so far. The most important goal of this article is the archaeological investigation and study of the castles attributed to them in this area. Therefore, this article seeks to answer that to what extent the number of castles attributed to this political-religious movement is consistent with the historical texts? The method of gathering the data of the article is based on library sources and archaeological survey of the studied castles and also has a descriptive-historical research method with a cultural history approach. The results of the following article show that due to the strategic geographical location and the economic importance of the Arrajā, n state for Ismā, 'iliyah, they entered the Arrajan state from the beginning of the fifth century AH. According to historical texts and comparison with archeological evidence, there have been more than four strong forts of the Ismā, 'iliyah bases that indicates the presence of followers of this sect in Arrajā, n region and their political and military activities in this region, especially during the Seljuk period.

Background: Upper tibia defects, type3b Gustilo, due to huge size and volume are very difficult to reconstruct, usually several operations are needed for bone and soft tissue defects and the definite one stage reconstruction is yet to be found.Objectives: In this article we reintroduce the rib- latissimus flap as an acceptable method to reconstruct tibia defects in selected cases.Materials and Methods: The latissimus muscle with one or two ribs revascualrized by reverse flow from perforators is harvested, the ribs are bisected after harvest yielding four to six struts of vascularized bone to fill the huge upper tibia defect. Internal fixation is very important and we favor LCP plates for long bone fixation and the rib struts are fixed in place by small titanium screws to maintain the “picket fence” design. The muscle is then wrapped around the ribs and the defect is completely reconstructed.Results: During the past 9 years we have used the rib-latissimus dorsi (RLD) muscle flap, without serratus muscle, in 7 patients with combined bone and soft tissue defects of the upper tibia. All the flaps healed without any major complications and only one stress fracture was seen and treated. The ribs healed and in a median of 14 months hypertrophied to the size of the upper tibia. Nonunion was not observed and patients with lower extremity defects were able to bear full weight within an average of seven months.Conclusions: The fractures of tibia type 3a and 3b Gustilo are devastating injuries requiring several operations. Several combinations of RLD-Serratus have already been reported but a rib-LD muscle with “picket fence” design has not been reported.The RLD transfer with two ribs divided into four struts for bone coverage and muscle to cover all the upper tibia soft tissue defect can be a useful tool in the armamentarium of the surgeon treating combined defects in a single stage.

Rangelands played an effective role in the country's economic and political development prior to its dependence on oil and its derivatives. Therefore, paying attention to the environmental and social stresses brought to these ecosystems highlights the need to use new technologies to diversify production sources and reduce costs. This study was conducted at the Taleghan range station with the aim of financially evaluating electric fences to encourage pastoralists to use this technology in rangelands. For this purpose, the income from the fencing project was investigated. The financial evaluation of the electric fencing project and the time period for its capital return in 2016 was done using the equations of net present value, benefit-cost ratio, internal rate of return, and net present value criterion at different discount rates. The total fixed and current costs of this project were equal to 330 million rials. The income from animal meat production, medicinal plants, the added value of electricity production, the income from the replacement of shepherds, and the net income were equal to 73%, 23%, 7. 5%, 103%, and 120% respectively. The criterion of net present value at different discount rates was equal to 127%. Considering the economic nature of fencing technology and the existence of economic benefits resulting from it in the form of a wide spectrum of ecosystem services for the beneficiaries of rangelands, the importance of promoting the use of new technologies in rangelands to maintain and support the production chain of rangelands is highlighted.